The ethylene industry in developed countries has strategically leveraged their natural resource advantages to enhance the competitiveness of petrochemical products, especially during periods of high oil prices. Since China's reform and opening-up, rapid economic growth has driven a surge in demand for petrochemicals, leading to swift development in both the industry and its markets. As a result, various regions and major companies have been actively planning and investing in ethylene projects. With this growth, it is crucial for all stakeholders to pay close attention to the spatial distribution and long-term planning of the ethylene industry. The ethylene sector is a capital-intensive, high-tech, and heavy industrial field that must align with national development goals and regional economic conditions. Over the past few decades, Western oil and chemical industries have evolved by adapting to strategic, large-scale, and modernized requirements. They have refined product structures, focused on core businesses, and accelerated technological advancements. This shift has led to the formation of highly concentrated industrial zones, where upstream and downstream integration creates significant economies of scale and fosters rapid development. For example, in the U.S., the Gulf of Mexico region, Japan’s Tokyo Bay, and South Korea’s coastal ports have become hubs for ethylene production. These areas benefit from concentrated investments, shared raw material supplies, and reduced production costs, which help maintain competitive advantage even in high oil price environments. In the U.S., 93% of ethylene production capacity is located in the Gulf of Mexico. By 1981, the region accounted for 20.2% of the country's crude oil production, 88.9% of ethylene output, and 47.1% of natural gas processing. Over time, the layout of ethylene plants remained largely unchanged, with most facilities located near raw material sources. This strategic placement maximizes resource utilization and supports a strong industrial base. Today, the U.S. ethylene industry is characterized by concentrated production capacity, diversified feedstocks (such as naphtha and natural gas), and proximity to domestic resources. Texas and Louisiana are central to this system, hosting a large number of refineries and gas plants that support the petrochemical sector. This setup not only enhances efficiency but also boosts international competitiveness. Similarly, Japan’s ethylene production is heavily concentrated in Tokyo Bay and Okayama, accounting for 60% of the country’s total capacity. Although Japan lacks domestic oil resources, it relies on imported naphtha and has built a reputation for high-quality, stable petrochemical products. The focus on innovation and quality has made Japanese petrochemicals globally competitive. South Korea’s ethylene industry is mainly located in coastal port cities such as Ulsan, Incheon, and Dangjin. These areas benefit from convenient access to imported naphtha and well-developed infrastructure. The industry emphasizes technological advancement and export-oriented production, with many products entering the Chinese market. Overall, most global ethylene plants are situated in coastal port cities due to their access to shipping routes, availability of raw materials, and strong economic environments. These locations provide ideal conditions for investment and industrial growth, making coastal areas the preferred choice for petrochemical development worldwide.

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